Technical and engineering gambit in transporting natural stone blocks

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to develop and scientifically substantiate a comprehensive system of engineering solutions for the safe, efficient, and economically advantageous containerization of super-heavy monolithic natural stone blocks weighing 25–27.5 t in 20-foot ISO containers (TEU), taking into account dynamic loads, updated regulatory requirements of 2026, and the specifics of multimodal transportation. The methodology includes theoretical analysis of international standards (ISO 668, ISO 1496-1, CSC, CTU Code, SOLAS VGM, IMO CSS Code), comparative analysis of the structural features of TEU and FEU containers, development of verified wooden blocking and bracing schemes, assessment of axle loads in accordance with Weight-in-Motion (WIM) regulations in Ukraine and the EU, as well as generalization of real export practices for stone blocks in 2025–2026. Results showed that the 20ft Heavy Tested container is most optimal for monoliths weighing up to 27.5 t due to a shorter frame bending arm and more efficient stress distribution compared to the 40ft container. The proposed securing schemes (bearers ≥100×100 mm, lower-zone bracing, anti-slip mats) ensure effective containment of inertial forces during multimodal transportation, guaranteeing full compliance with CTU Code and CSC standards, as well as WIM 2026 requirements for axle load control. Scientific novelty. An adapted wooden bracing and lashing model has been developed for closed 20-foot ISO containers with natural stone monoliths exceeding 25 t, incorporating multimodal loading, 2026 WIM regulations, and TEU-specific characteristics. Additionally, the relationships between bending moment and container length (demonstrating a 50–100% stress reduction in TEU compared to FEU) and between friction force and friction coefficient have been established and verified using graphical plots and analytical calculations. Practical significance. The verified schemes enable a reduction in export costs by 10–25%, decrease overloads, WIM fines, insurance claims, and the number of transshipments; enhance safety, predictability, and competitiveness of Ukrainian granite and labradorite suppliers in the EU, Middle East, and Asian markets; and ensure reliable integration into global container supply chains.